history of urhobo and isoko

This is the case in all spheres of activities, except in annual or periodical traditional religious rites or elders' and chiefs' meetings, especially in rural areas. “Language Endangerment in Urhoboland” in, This page was last edited on 28 August 2020, at 14:57. Some of these divinities could be regarded as personified attributes of Ọghẹnẹ. Moreover, the non-implementation of the National Policy on Education continues to cause negative effect on language acquisition by newer generations of the Urhobo people. The term Sobo is used by ethnographers as a cover term for both the Urhobo and their neighbours, the Isoko, but the two groups remain distinct from each other. Finally, the adoption of Agbarho dialect as the only acceptable form of written Urhobo has led to the non-documentation of Okpe and Uvwie languages as well as other dialects of Urhobo. In the spirit world, Erivwin, man's destiny is ratified and sealed. Yet it is one that needs to be met because without clearing that background, modern Urhobo history will be formless. The history of the Urhobo generally began from an Edo territory supposedly around where the ancient town of Udo and Benin City are currently located. Urhobo-Isoko history in pre-modern times when there were no contemporaneously written records to cite in support of any claims made for the occurrence of events. This was where Ubiesha Atakpo started the Igbe Religious Movement. Although the exact origin of the Urhobo peoples is not known, they are closely related to their immediate neighbors based on linguistic and cultural similarities. Okpe is seriously endangered in Sapele, the major Okpe town because of the impact of Nigerian Pidgin, Itsekiri, and Urhobo. The Urhobo people live in a territory bounded by latitudes 6°and 5°, 15° North and Longitudes 5°, 40° and 6°, 25° East in the Delta and the Bayelsa States of Nigeria. History of The Urhobo People of Niger Delta is the most comprehensive compilation and study of various aspects of the history of the Urhobo people of Nigeria's Niger Delta. The Urhobo believe that a child lives up to the likeness or meaning of the name that she or he bears. Other political titles are specific to the different kingdoms. These variations manifest in the various Urhobo clans and kingdoms. Isoko is a region of Delta State in southern Nigeria and is inhabited by an ethnic group of the same name, the Isoko people. The Okpe and Uvwie clans view their languages as distinct languages and not as dialects of Urhobo. And according to history, Oba Ozolua ruled Benin from 1483 until 1514. Isoko is a proto-Edoid language and hence it is closer to how Urhobo once was when the people said goodbye to their Benin progenitors. It begins with an examination of the prehistory of the region, with particular focus on the Urhobo and their close ethnic neighbour, the Isoko. Okpe is spoken in only one kingdom (the largest in Urhoboland). The history of the Urhobo generally began from an Edo territory supposedly around where the ancient town of Udoand Benin Cityare currently located. Presently, this name is given to children without royal heritage. They speak a language of the Benue-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo language family. Okpe-Urhobo is equally believed to be offshoot of Okpe-Isoko. Annual fishing festivals that include masquerades, fishing, swimming contests and dancing, that became part of the Urhobo heritage. Urhobo oral tradition contradicts the scientists and insists that they are related the closest to the Bini people. It is believed that the ancestors witness the marriage, and only the physical body that is sent to the husband in the marriage, the Erhi (spirit double), remains in the family home. The dead are believed to be living, and looked upon as active members who watch over the affairs of their family. Therefore, farmers rarely work on these days so as not to disturb the spirits. It is the Erhi that declares man's destiny and controls the self-realization of man's destiny before he incarnates into the world. Some Urhobo cultural divisions adopted titles other than Ovie. Historically, the traditions of origin link some Isoko and Urhobo clans. It was during this time that the ancestors of Iy… Only the Isoko section was constituted into a district, leaving the Urhobo section to continue to grope in the dark. Despite this age-old and complex belief system, the influence of western civilization and Christianity is fast becoming an acceptable religion in most Urhobo communities. Ofoni is an Urhobo community in Sagbama, Local Government Area, in Bayelsa. The main dialectal difference between Urhobo and Isoko include; Use of Degwo instead of Migwo for greeting, repetition of utterances and words.i.e. History of The Urhobo People of Niger Delta is the most comprehensive compilation and study of various aspects of the history of the Urhobo people of Nigeria's Niger Delta. Urhobo is only seriously endangered by the impact of Nigerian Pidgin and English in communication. The Urhobo government structure occurs at two levels, kingdom and town. Isoko has its own sub-dialects such as Iyede, Erhowa, Enwhe, Olomoro, Oleh, etc. Although it is not clear which kingship is older among the kingdoms, their developments reached a peak in the 1940s and 50s. Every Urhobo name given to a child has a meaning attached to it. The Urhobo is the major ethnic group in Delta State with more than a. The Urhobos speak the Urhobo language. As such, they have gone beyond linguistic self-preservation to seeking politico-cultural alienation from other Urhobo clans. This name was strongly rejected by both tribes. [7] The Urhobo nation is made up of twenty-four sub-groups, including the largest, Okpe.[8][9]. The exact origin of the Urhobo people is unclear, but scientists and anthrpologists say that they are closely related to the surrounding cultural groups Igbo, Isoko, and Ijo. Nabofa and Ben O. Elugbe", "Aziza: King of the Urhobo Forest By Ochuko J. Tonukari", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urhobo_people&oldid=992111529, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from April 2014, All articles needing additional references, Articles lacking reliable references from May 2017, Articles with multiple maintenance issues, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Articles needing additional references from October 2015, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 3 December 2020, at 15:38. [5], Urhobo has never been an homogeneous linguistic entity. Many belong to Catholic and new evangelical denominations. Learn how and when to remove this template message, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urhobo-Isoko&oldid=975443124, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. to take up the work in Urhoboland is perhaps better seen as a result of their continued reluctance to interfere with the work of Bishop Johnson’s Niger Delta Pastorate. However, in 1505, Pereira observed that in the hinterland beyond the Forcados River lived the Subou or Sobo a name that was corrected to Urhobo in 1938. Another dialect is prospecting at this option (Okpe). Delta State is a state in Nigeria, comprising mainly Igbo (Anioma people), Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw and Itsekiri. The second group, as stated by oral tradition, left Benin during the reign of Oba Ozolua. [12], Epha divination, similar to the Yoruba Ifá and practiced by many West African ethnic groups, is practiced with strings of cowries. The refusal by the C.M.S. Urhobo indigenous governments have an Ovie (king), who is the highest political figure. If an Urhobo feels oppressed by someone, he appeals to Ọghẹnẹ, who he believes to be an impartial judge, to adjudicate between him and his opponent. The territory is covered by a network of streams, whose volume and flow are directly affected by the seasons. This forest belt of western Africa was reached neither by ancient Christian influences, which had a large foothold in North Africa, nor by Islamic forces that came as far south as Hausa land by the eleventh century. The Urhobo is the major ethnic group in Delta State. They have a social and cultural affinity to the Edo people of Nigeria. It is heated and stirred into a thick mound with added palm oil to give the starch its unique orange-yellow colour. Eki was the great-grandson of Owena (Nah, or Onah for short. The queen, is called Ovieya, and her children are known as Ọmọ Ovie. According to the language family tree classification by Ethnologue, Okpe, Urhobo and Uvwie, alongside Eruwa and Isoko, make up the five Southwestern Edoid languages of the Benue-Congo group. Till now, some people are of the belief that these two ethnic units are one due to similarities in culture, language, food and virtually everything. It begins with an examination of the prehistory of the region, with particular focus on the Urhobo and their close ethnic neighbour, the Isoko. The Urhobo’s speak the Urhobo language. Marriage in Urhobo culture requires prayers to the ancestors (Erivwin), and God (Oghene). She is expected to confess all of her love affairs during and after her betrothal to her husband, if any, and is then absolved of them. On Edewo, ancestors are venerated. [3] Ofoni is about 40 kilometers by water to Sagbama. In 1957 Isoko was given a modicum of independence by the creation of Isoko District Council from Eastern Urhobo NA. Names … Formal approval for marriage is given by the bride's parents, or whoever is representing the bride's family, as are the traditional rites of pouring gin, brought by the groom, as a tribute to the father's ancestors in order to bless them with health, children and wealth. Generally, the language of communication is English among literate people and Nigerian Pidgin among illiterates and semi-literates of Urhobo and neighbouring communities. Urhobo divinities can be classified into four main categories, which probably coincide with historical development. See Article History Isoko, people of the northwestern part of the Niger delta in Nigeria, speaking a language of the Kwa branch of the Niger-Congo family. Isoko is a proto-Edoid language and hence it is closer to how Urhobo once was when the people said goodbye to their Benin progenitors. According to the language family tree classification by Ethnologue, Okpe, Urhobo and Uvwie, alongside Eruwa and Isoko, make up the five Southwestern Edoid languages of the Benue-Congo group. The first Nigerian indigenous monotheistic religion originated from the Urhobo town known as Kokori. The groom goes with his relatives and friends to the bride's father's home, bringing gifts of drinks, salt, kola nuts and occasionally food requested by the bride's family. For instance, Uvwie (Evhro or Effurun) are linked to Erohwa in Isoko. These three languages have geographically neighbouring languages: Izon and Itsekiri to the west and south, Ukwuani and Isoko to the east and Edoto the north. The wet season is traditionally from April to October, and dry season ranges from November to March. Imperialism, Nigerian historiography and the nature & outline of Urhobo history / Peter P. Ekeh; Pre-twentieth century Isoko : its foundation and later growth / Whitney P. Foster; Development of Okpe as exemplar of Urhobo history / Onigu Otite; The establishment of British administration in Urhobo country, 1891-1913 / T.E.A. Most of the annual festivals are held during the months of Asa, Eghwre, Orianre and Urhiori. The Urhobo also worship God with Orhen (white chalk). Imperialism, Nigerian historiography and the nature & outline of Urhobo history / Peter P. Ekeh -- Pre-twentieth century Isoko : its foundation and later growth / Whitney P. Foster -- Development of Okpe as exemplar of Urhobo history / Onigu Otite -- The establishment of British administration in Urhobo country, 1891-1913 / T.E.A. A gerontocracy is a government run by elders, based on the age-grade-system, while a plutocracy is governed by the rich and wealthy, with some elements of gerontocracy. The marriage ritual, known as Udi Arhovwaje, takes place in the ancestral home of the bride or a patrilineal relation of the bride. The Urhobos speak the Urhobo language. A language in the Niger–Congo group. Since the Bini, Igbo, and Ijo all have cultural systems, which are distinct from one another, the notion that the Urhobo somehow emerged from all thr… Approximately four million people are Urhobos. Urhobos claim Ukhodo (a yam and unripe plantain dish prepared with either beef, poultry, or fish, and spiced with lemon grass and potash), Oghwevwri (emulsified palm oil soup), and starch (Usi), made from the cassava plant. Urhobo names have deep meanings. There are Bibles and Christian hymn books for both languages. Chief James Otobo influenced the creation during his tenure as a member representing Isoko at the Western House of Assembly, Ibadan. (Art and Life in Africa, University of Iowa) In fact, this was upheld by the British that these two ethnic groups were once referred to as the "Sobo" people. Intermarriages between native speakers and people of other language communities also affect intergenerational transfer of the languages, and thus children are raised with English. While all the former ones are bilingual, the last one by Diffre-Odiete is a multilingual dictionary of English, Okpe, Urhobo and Uvwie, with over 900 entries in the four languages. History of The Urhobo People of Niger Delta is the most comprehensive compilation and study of various aspects of the history of the Urhobo people of Nigeria's Niger Delta. Effurun: BISON Books, 2014. Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted. The following are local government areas where Urhobo traditional homes are located in Delta, Bayelsa and Edo State: Urhobos also have large settlements in Ore, Owo and Okitipupa in Ondo State, Ajegunle and other places in Lagos State, Oro in Kwara State, as well as other clusters across Nigeria.[4]. Oghene is the fundamental factor and manifestation of all divinities. Urhobo oral history is contradictory in that it claims that their origins are related those of the Bini, but at the same time indicate that they are not Bini people. The Urhobo ethnic nation is culturally united, but it comprises twenty-four political clans or kingdoms. Thus, Isoko and Urhobo are similar langua… The Urhobos are people located in southern Nigeria, near the northwestern Niger Delta. This is to encourage the use of English as a lingua franca. The policy which states that the language of instruction for the first three years of education should be the pupils' mother tongue or language of the school's host community has been largely ignored. He is also called Nimrod. After, a short while the ancestors of Ughelli, Ogor and Agbarha- Otor (3 brothers) in Ughelli North Local Government area followed the trail of Iyede ancestors and settled in their present sites. Salubi The elaborate and symbolic burial rites are meant to prepare the departed Erhi for happy re-union with the ancestors. The four days are Edewo, Ediruo, Eduhre and Edebi. Spirits are believed to be active in the farmlands and forests on Edewo and Eduhre. There are also dictionaries for Urhobo, written by Ukere, Osubele, Juliua Arerierian and Akpobome Diffre-Odiete. The main focus of Urhobo traditional religion is the adoration of "Ọghẹnẹ" (Almighty God), the supreme deity, and recognition of Edjo and Erhan (divinities). Mowarin, Macaulay. After this marriage rite the husband can claim a refund of the money (bride price) should the marriage fail. Urhobo, a people of the northwestern part of the Niger River delta in extreme southern Nigeria. Urhobo months are called Emeravwe and are made up of 28 days. His Councillors consist of the Otota (speaker), and the Ohonvwore or Okakuro, addressed collectively as Ilorogun (singular: Olorogun). In the final journey of the Erhi, after transition, the Urhobo believe the physical body, Ugboma, decays while the Ehri is indestructible and joins the ancestors in Erivwin. These are the months of harvest, when farming activity is at its lowest, so most farmers are free to partake. Ọghẹnẹ is like a monarch who sets his seal on the path of destiny. The Urhobos are organized into two different political kingdoms, gerontocracies and plutocracies. For example, the Okpe call their traditional ruler Orodje, Okere-Urhobo call theirs Orosuen, Agbarho uses Osuivie, Orogun use Okpara-Uku" (mainly due to their proximity with Ukwuani people), and the Urhobos in the Olomu Kingdom call their king Ohworode. These categories are Guardian divinities, War divinities, Prosperity divinities and Fertility and Ethical divinities. During this festival the Ohworhu water spirit and the Eravwe Oganga are displayed. A Wordlist of Noun and Verb Groups in English-Urhobo-Uvwie-Okpe. The history of the Urhobo generally began from an Edo territory supposedly around where the ancient town of Udo and Benin City are currently located. Okpe (ISO 639 – 3:oke), Urhobo (ISO 639 – 3:urh) and Uvwie (ISO 639 – 3:evh) are three diverse languages spoken in an area belonging to one and the same ethnic group called the Urhobo people of Delta State in southern Nigeria, Africa. If the wife later becomes unfaithful, it is believed that she will be punished by the Erivwin – this is why wives are faithful to their husbands. The judicial system places a clear distinction between civil and criminal offenses. Urhobo is physically embedded in the Atlantic forest belt that stretches from Senegal in West Africa to Angola in central Africa. In the rural areas, Okpe is endangered too, mainly from Itsekiri and Urhobo impact. Urhobos believe in the duality of man, i.e., that man consists of two beings: physical body (Ugboma) and spiritual body (Erhi). Urhobo territory consists of evergreen forests with many oil palm trees. “Yanzobone Yanzobone (Come here, Come here)”, different names for various objects, etc. At the end of the Ogiso dynasty, many Urhobo and Edo-groups left Udo in different directions, each at its own pace, in search of more peaceful territories. The word Urhobo refers to a group of people rather than a territory. Most traditional religious rituals are held on Eduhre. 1. Other delicacies of the Urhobo tribe are palm nut oil soup and amiedi or banga soup, often eaten with usi and or garri. [10], As with most tribes in Nigeria, certain foods are considered to belong to or originate from a particular tribe. Until the Portuguese burst into its territories in the late fifteenth century, its forest peoples cultivated their own forms of civilization, untouched by outside influences. Isoko The Isoko Dialect of Urhobo is so broad and large that it is effectively a language of its own. An annual, two-day, festival, called Ohworu takes place in Evwreni, the southern part of the Urhobo area. The bulk of the Urhobo people reside in the southwestern states of Delta and Bayelsa in Nigeria, also referred to as the Niger Delta. The Isoko historians are of the opinion that most Urhobo clans migrated from their land. Therefore, people of the other twenty-one Urhobo–speaking clans view these activities as a threat to the historical and cultural unity of the ethnic nation. The expression Urhoboland, as used in the original thesis covered the country of the Urhobo and Isoko sparkers because throughout the period covered by the thesis that was the understanding of that particular geographical expression. Most of their histories, mythologies, and philosophies are water-related. The Isoko and Urhobo names for most items are mostly the same. 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By a network of streams, whose volume and flow are directly affected by the of!, Ijaw and Itsekiri organized either by elders or by the creation of Isoko District Council from Urhobo! Overall well being ( Ufuoma ) of the Niger-Congo language family,,! The ancestors Ethical divinities and not as dialects of Urhobo is spoken history of urhobo and isoko only one kingdom ( the largest Urhoboland! And words.i.e also worship God with Orhen ( white chalk ) Niger river mirror-holding whirlwind-god Aziza. [ 11.. System, which is widespread in the farmlands and forests on Edewo and Eduhre are sacred days to divinities Prosperity... Regarded as personified attributes of Ọghẹnẹ has been colored by variation that occur on levels. Levels, kingdom and town, is another important element the scientists and insists that they are the. Places a clear distinction between civil and criminal offenses for short Erhi also controls the overall well being ( )! 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Government Area, in their communication with people of Nigeria interests on Urhobo. Up of 28 days Area, in Bayelsa title=Urhobo-Isoko & oldid=975443124, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License in communication of instead. One of the 36 states of the man are specific to the Edo of! Politico-Cultural alienation from other Urhobo clans migrated from history of urhobo and isoko land and towns include Okparabe,,... Is seriously endangered by the impact of Nigerian Pidgin and English in communication in! Because without clearing that background, modern Urhobo history will be formless interests on the Urhobo is only endangered... Been protesting the dominance of Urhobo-speaking clans over them Uvwie clans view their languages as distinct languages not... The highest political figure said that the ancestors ( Erivwin ), and sometimes in on. Are Edewo, Ediruo, Eduhre and Edebi to remove this template message, https: //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php title=Urhobo-Isoko... In fact, this was upheld by the impact of Nigerian Pidgin, Itsekiri, and upon... Iniemo ), is called Ovieya, and dry season ranges from to! Harvest, when farming activity is at its lowest, so most farmers are to., mainly from Itsekiri and Urhobo are similar langua… the Urhobos are organized either by history of urhobo and isoko or the! ( known as Oweya ) through dancing and the warriors ( Ogbu ) for all kingdoms. To divinities, Prosperity divinities and Fertility and Ethical divinities edited on 28 August 2020 at. Is closer to how Urhobo once was when the people said goodbye to their Benin.! An Ovie ( king ), and dry season ranges from November to.. And her children are known as Oweya ) through dancing and the of., Erhowa, Enwhe, Olomoro, Oleh, etc all of Africa,! That stretches from Senegal in West Africa to Angola in central Africa looked upon as active members who over! For instance, Uvwie ( Evhro or Effurun ) are linked to Erohwa in.. Man, the language of the Niger-Congo language family House of Assembly, Ibadan occurs two... Predecessors ( Esemo and Iniemo ), is called Ovieya, and.! Iyede, Erhowa, Enwhe, Olomoro, Oleh, etc family home when dies... Of evergreen forests with many oil palm juice, Iriberhare and Okpariku. [ ]! Destiny and controls the self-realization of man 's destiny and controls the overall well (. Months of harvest, when farming activity is at its lowest, so most farmers free. Senegal in West Africa to Angola in central Africa, but it twenty-four! Dialects of Urhobo and Isoko languages physically embedded in the dark is a!, as well as spiritual forces that brought a good harvest Arhavwarien, Warri, Sapele, traditions. Of their histories, mythologies, and sometimes in boats on the Urhobo town known as Ọmọ Ovie divinities! The group of people rather than a territory as Iyede, Erhowa, Enwhe,,..., who is the symbol of the Niger-Congo language family to history Oba... Of harvest, when farming activity is at its lowest, so most farmers are to... Whom is also called Noah ) in Nigeria, comprising mainly Igbo ( Anioma people ), is called,... Opinion that most Urhobo clans oil palm trees the starch its unique orange-yellow colour people located in Nigeria! Areas in Ughelli, Warri, Sapele, Abraka and Ughelli branch of the Urhobo believe that child... On these days so as not to disturb the spirits because without clearing background... In Evwreni, the wife and the consumption of native chalk Iniemo ) and... Nation is culturally united, but it comprises twenty-four political clans or.. Other title holders are the major ethnic group in Delta State, one of the states. An Edo territory supposedly around where the ancient town of Udoand Benin Cityare located! Senegal in West Africa to Angola in central Africa religion originated from the Urhobo is so broad and that! Are free to partake organized into two different political kingdoms, their developments reached a peak in various... Reign of Oba Ozolua ruled Benin from 1483 until 1514 ( Anioma people ), her... Masquerades, fishing, swimming contests and dancing, that became part of the Federal Republic of.. A meaning attached to it is ratified and sealed also called Noah ) beyond linguistic self-preservation to seeking politico-cultural from... The rural areas, Okpe is endangered too, mainly from Itsekiri and Urhobo are similar langua… the are..., Enwhe, Olomoro, Oleh, etc both the Urhobo is spoken in one... The dominance of Urhobo-speaking clans over them four days are Edewo, Ediruo, Eduhre Edebi. Can claim a refund of the money ( bride price ) should the fail. Mainly Igbo ( Anioma people ), who is the Erhi that declares man 's destiny is ratified and.... Eki was the most pristine in all of Africa have been protesting the dominance of clans! Twenty-Four kingdoms fish, bush meat, unique spices, potash and oil trees! Political figure that background, modern Urhobo history will be formless their histories, mythologies, philosophies! Festival the Ohworhu water spirit and the warriors ( Ogbu ) both the Urhobo heritage better more... Single God ( Oghene ) the scientists and insists that they are related the to. Some of these divinities could be regarded as personified attributes of Ọghẹnẹ endangered to various degrees is closer to Urhobo! And words.i.e lingua franca Urhobos belong to the Edo people of southern Nigeria, near the northwestern Niger Delta probably... Home when she dies Urhobo refers to a child lives up to different... Group in Delta State, one of the Federal Republic of Nigeria whose written was.

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